The Ironwood Project
the resource project

Common Trauma Responses


People may respond to traumatic experiences in a variety of ways. The following categories outline some common trauma-related reactions. 


Re-experiencing the Trauma

Trauma survivors may re-experience their trauma through thoughts, feelings, memories, and other means. Re-experiencing a trauma can be very distressing, and may trigger uncomfortable emotions such as fear, anger, or sadness.

• Nightmares

• Flashbacks (uncontrollable vivid images and memories of the trauma)

• Distressing thoughts and feelings about the trauma

• Emotional distress or physical responses after experiencing a trauma reminder


Avoidance of Trauma Reminders

Because reminders of a trauma can be so distressing, it is common for trauma survivors to use 

avoidance to control these reactions.


• Using drugs or alcohol to suppress uncomfortable thoughts and emotions

• Avoidance of activities related to the trauma

• Avoidance of people, places, or things related to the trauma

• Suppressing thoughts related to the trauma

• Avoidance of conversations about the trauma


Negative Thoughts or Feelings

Negative thoughts or feelings may begin or worsen after experiencing a trauma. Some of these 

thoughts and feelings might not seem to relate directly to the trauma.


• Excessive blame toward oneself or others related to the trauma

• Loss of interest in activities

• Feelings of isolation or disconnection from surroundings

• Difficulty experiencing positive feelings

• Loss of memory related to the trauma

• Excessive negative thoughts about oneself or the world


Hyperarousal

Reactivity, or a feeling of being “on edge”, may begin or worsen after experiencing a trauma. This category includes a broad range of physical and psychological symptoms.


• Becoming irritable, quick to anger, or aggressive

• Heightened startle reaction

• Difficulty concentrating

• Frequently scanning the environment or watching for trauma reminders

• Difficulty sleeping

• Feelings of anxiety, and related symptoms such as a racing heart, upset stomach or headaches 

• Risky or impulsive behaviors


The following organizations and publications were referenced in the preparation of this information.